Makassar Dental Journal

Content of Volume 14 Issue 2 August 2025

2025-08-28T22:00:29+07:00

Content of Volume 14 Issue 2 August 2025

Effectiveness of lemongrass leaf extract (Cymbopogon citratus) as a root canal irrigation agent in removing smear layer

2025-08-23T21:36:33+07:00

Smear layer (SL) cleaning is considered a very important aspect of root canal treatment (RCT) as the SL can act as a substrate for microbial proliferation. In addition, SL has the potential to affect the adaptation of the sealer to the root canal walls and its pene-tration of the dentinal tubules. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) contains flavonoids, tripenoids/steroids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics and essential oils. This article presents research on the ability of lemongrass leaf extract (LLE) as a root ca-nal irrigation material in removing SL. This study used an experimental post-test only control design. Samples were taken by purpo-sive sampling technique with 4 treatment groups of 6 repetitions. Based on the Mann-Whitney test, the p-value was 0.495 at ⅓ apical, 0.269 at ⅓ middle and 0.575 at ⅓ coronal (p-value>0.05). The results showed that there was no significant difference between the 17% EDTA treatment group and 20% LLE on the level of SL cleanliness. It was concluded that 20% LLE was ef-fective in removing smear layer.

The relationship between community knowledge level and fixed orthodontic treatment performed by non-dentist operators

2025-08-23T21:36:33+07:00

This article reports on a study of the relationship between the level of public knowledge and fixed orthodontic treatment perform-formed by non-dentist operators. Subjects were patients who were undergoing orthodontic treatment with non-dentist operators. This study used an analytical observational research method with a cross-sectional research design using consecutive sampling on 96 people. The sample was given a questionnaire to obtain data, namely the knowledge of majority of respondents (52.1%) had a poor level of knowledge regarding fixed orthodontic treatment. Spearman correlation test showed correlation between de-pendent and independent variables with p-value=0.000 and correlation coefficient = -0.557. It is concluded that there is a rela-tionship between knowledge level and orthodontic treatment performed by non-dentist operators.

Effect of gargling with green tea (Camellia sinensis) brewing on plaque index score of fixed orthodontic users of dental students of Baiturrahmah University

2025-08-23T21:36:33+07:00

Treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances can pose various risks, especially increasing plaque accumulation. Green tea (Ca-mellia sinensis) which is one of the natural alternatives that can be used to inhibit dental plaque formation, contains catechins, flavonoids and tannins as antibacterial Streptococcus mutans which is the agent of dental plaque formation. This article discus-ses the difference in orthodontic plaque index (OPI) scores before and after rinsing with green tea brewing (GTB) in fixed ortho-dontic users. Experimental research with a one-group pretest-posttest design using research subjects namely preclinical stu-dents of Baiturrahmah University Faculty of Dentistry class 2022 and 2023 who used fixed orthodontics according to the inclu-sion criteria totalling 40 people. Data collection according to the examination of OPI score before and after gargling with GTB. Data analysis showed a significance value of p=0.000 (p<0.05) which indicated that there was a difference in OPI scores be-fore and after gargling, which decreased from 41.75% to 23.94%. It was concluded that gargling with GTB can reduce the OPI score of fixed orthodontic users.

The relationship between fingerprint patterns and intelligence qoutient of dental students batch 2021 of Baiturrahmah University

2025-08-23T21:36:33+07:00

Intelligence quotient (IQ) and fingerprint pattern (FPP) are related because during the intrauterine period, brain and PSJ forma-tion occur almost simultaneously. Normal or abnormal genetic messages during this period will affect the brain and FPP. This study discusses the relationship between FPP and IQ level in 2021 students of the Faculty of Dentistry, Baiturrahmah Universi-ty. Analytical quantitative research was conducted on students of the Faculty of Dentistry Class of 2021 as many as 53 sam-ples with random sampling technique. Univariate analysis is presented in the form of frequency distribution, bivariate analysis using the chi-square test and data processing using the computerised SPSS v.25.0. The study showed that the most FPPs were loops, namely 37 people, the most IQ level was average, namely 40 people. It was concluded that there was no relationship between FPP and IQ level in 2021 dental students at Baiturrahmah University.

Analysis of differences in knowledge of dental students in West Sumatra regarding dental photography

2025-08-23T21:36:33+07:00

Dental photography is one of the advances in digital digital technology in the field of dental photography which functions as a communication tool between dentists and patients used to help make a diagnosis. This study aimed to determine the differen-ces in knowledge of dental professional students in West Sumatra regarding dental photography. This quantitative study used a cross sectional design with 120 respondents from the Faculty of Dentistry, Baiturrahmah University and Andalas University and the sample was selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected through an online questionnaire (google form) with 14 knowledge questions. The results showed that most students had a good understanding of dental photography. The Baiturrah-mah had 38 students (63.3%) who recorded good knowledge. While at Andalas University there were 37 students (61.7%). It was concluded that there was no significant level of knowledge between students from the two universities (p-value=0.850) indicating that both groups had the same level of understanding.

Distribution of panoramic radiograph examination among pediatric patients at Dental Hospital of Hasanuddin University

2025-08-23T21:36:33+07:00

Panoramic radiographs are used to diagnose oral diseases, monitor dentofacial development, and evaluate treatment proce-dures. This article discusses panoramic radiographs in paediatric patients under 6 years of age according to age, gender, di-sease diagnosis at RSGMP Universitas Hasanuddin. In this descriptive observational study, cross-sectional data collection was used on all paediatric patients who underwent panoramic radiography from January to December 2023. The reasons for taking panoramic radiographs were categorised as early childhood caries, oral pathologies, dentoalveolar fractures, developmental ano-malies, and others. A total of 202 panoramic radiographs were taken from paediatric patients aged 2-6 years; 82 children aged 5 years were the most common. Girls accounted for 107 of the patients. The most common case diagnosis was early childhood caries with 167 children. It was concluded that the use of panoramic radiographs in paediatric patients is not intended as a gene-ral screening. It should be limited to children under 6 years of age unless absolutely necessary.

The role of parenting on the risk of early childhood caries through Dentch's ECC application

2025-08-23T21:36:33+07:00

One form of caries that often occurs in children under 6 years of age is early childhood caries (ECC). Parenting plays an im-portant role in preventing caries in children through the provision of good dental care. This study examines whether paren-ting plays a role in the risk of ECC using the Dentch ECC application which has an assessment accuracy of 95.5%, with a p-value of 1.000 (p>0.05). This research method was conducted quantitatively with a cross-sectional design, involving 45 child-ren aged 4-5 years at TK Kartika 1-55 Padang City. The results showed that the most common parenting pattern was demo-cratic, as many as 35 people. It was concluded that parenting does not play a significant role in the risk of ECC.

Evaluation of labial and palatal bone thickness of maxillary anterior teeth in prosthodontic treatment planning

2025-08-23T21:36:33+07:00

It is necessary to evaluate the labial and palatal bone thickness of maxillary anterior teeth based on gender and age to provide in-formation for prosthodontic treatment planning. This study used an observational design with the Mann-Whitney U statistical test to compare the labial and palatal bone thickness of 6 maxillary anterior teeth between gender (male and female) and age (under and over 30 years old) groups. Measurements were taken at three labial and three palatal points using CBCT. The results showed significant differences in labial bone thickness at several measurement points, with men having significantly greater labial bone thickness than women (p<0.05). Differences in palatal bone thickness according to gender were only seen at one point but were not significant. Individuals under 30 years old showed greater labial and palatal bone thickness than those over 30 years old at certain points (p<0.05). It was concluded that gender affects labial bone thickness more significantly than palatal bone, while in-creasing age plays a role in decreasing bone thickness in both labial and palatal bones. This knowledge can be used for more effective prosthodontic treatment planning.

Dental health of children with autism spectrum disorder: significance of salivary pH and dental visits on DMF-T index

2025-08-23T21:36:33+07:00

This study aimed to analyse the relationship between various caries risk factors and DMF-T status in children with autism spec-trum disorders (ASD). The study was conducted cross-sectionally on 56 students at Yayasan Darul Fikri Makassar from Janua-ry to May 2024. Data were collected through clinical examination, salivary pH measurement, and questionnaires related to dental care behaviour and food consumption. Data analysed using the chi-square test showed a significant relationship between sali-vary pH and regular visits to the dentist with DMF-T status (p<0.05), while socioeconomic factors, sugar consumption, brushing frequency, and fluoride toothpaste use did not show a significant relationship. It was concluded that salivary pH and regular den-tal visits are important in caries prevention in ASD children.

Inhibition and minimum killing power of ajwa date extract (Phoenix dactylifera L.) against the growth of Streptococcus mutans

2025-08-23T21:36:34+07:00

Streptococcus mutans is one of the constituent micro-organisms of dental plaque. These bacteria adhere to the denture base causing plaque that causes denture stomatitis. To reduce the growth of S.mutans, cleaning is done by brushing and soaking with herbal ingredients that can inhibit the growth of these bacteria, namely ajwa dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.). This study dis-cusses the inhibition and minimum killing power of ADE on the growth of S.mutans through experimental tests with disc diffu-sion and dilussion techniques with post test group type using 24 samples. The results of the Anova test obtained p-value= 0.000 (p<0.05), meaning that there is a significant difference between ADE treatments of 1.5625%, 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25% and 50%. It is concluded that the MIC value of EKA is 12.5% while the MKC value of EKA is 50%.

Physical stability test of moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera L.) in mouthwash preparation

2025-08-23T21:36:34+07:00

Many mouthwashes in circulation today have the risk of side effects and also not a few synthetic ingredients that have a pungent aroma, so that other alternative mouthwashes made from herbs are needed. This study aims to evaluate the physical stability of moringa leaf extract (MLE) in mouthwash preparations based on pH, viscosity, stability, and organoleptic tests. With the design of post-test only control experimental research using sample of pre-clinical students class 2024 Faculty of Dentistry, Baiturrah-mah University. MLE was prepared using maceration method with 96% ethanol into mouthwash preparations of 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.04%; positive control was chlorhexidine 0.2%, and negative control was aquadest. The physical stability of the mouthwash was evaluated for colour, aroma, taste, and shape. MLE mouthwash 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.04% had neutral pH values, with good stability test without separation, viscosity met the standard (≤7.25 cPs), organoleptic test was liked by more than 80% of res-pondents. It is concluded that MLE in mouthwash preparation has good physical stability and is most favoured by respondents with a concentration of 0.02%.

The validity of maternal and child perceptions of oral health status in 5- and 6-year-old children at Rajawali Catholic Kindergarten, Makassar

2025-08-23T21:36:34+07:00

To analyze the validity of maternal and child perceptions regarding the oral health status of 5- and 6-year-old children at Raja-wali Catholic Kindergarten in Makassar, a cross-sectional study with an analytic observational design was conducted. Data were collected through questionnaires (for mothers), interviews using facial expression cards (for children), and clinical exami-nations. The results showed a prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) of 62.5%, with 34.6% of children presenting at least one instance of untreated caries-related complication. Mothers and children have a fair agreement regarding the child’s oral health (ICC=0.327). Maternal perception demonstrated a stronger correlation with clinical findings (r=0.692 for dmft; r=0.511 for pufa) compared to the child’s perception (r=0.290 and r=0.229, respectively). The area under the curve for maternal perception of treatment need reached 0.851 (dmft) and 0.789 (pufa), with the highest sensitivity recorded at 86.1% and specificity at 97.5%.

Inhibition test of noni fruit extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) against Candida albicans growth

2025-08-23T21:36:34+07:00

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by overgrowth of Candida albicans species. Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) is one of the plants that has antifungal activity through the content of compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, pheno-lics, and tannins. This study discusses the inhibition of noni fruit extract (NFE) at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20% against the growth of C.albicans using laboratory experimental methods with a descriptive approach and using a one shot case study de-sign. Noni fruit was extracted using maceration method with 96% methanol solvent. A total of 18 samples of C.albicans were divi-ded into 3 treatments, namely 10%, 15% and 20% concentrations. The inhibition test was carried out using the pitting diffusion me-thod, while the measurement of the inhibition zone using a caliper showed that 10% NFE had an inhibition that was categorised as moderate, 15% was categorised as strong, and 20% was also categorised as strong. It was concluded that noni fruit extract has inhibitory power against the growth of C.albicans, with the best effectiveness at a concentration of 20% which showed a strong inhibition category.

The relationship between fixed orthodontic treatment and tooth discoloration

2025-08-23T21:36:34+07:00

The use of fixed orthodontic appliances can cause side effects, one of which is tooth discolouration, which can affect patient com-fort and confidence. This study examines the relationship between fixed orthodontic treatment and the degree of tooth discolora-tion. Descriptive analytical study with a cross-sectional approach using 24 subjects; 12 users and 12 non-users of fixed orthodon-dontic appliances. After Spearman correlation test, it was found that the mean discolouration score in users of fixed orthodontic appliances was 1.25, while non-users was 0.5. There was a significant relationship between the use of fixed orthodontic ap-pliances and tooth discolouration (r=0.63; p=0.001), indicating a strong correlation. It is concluded that there is a significant and strong relationship between the use of fixed orthodontic treatment and the level of tooth discolouration.

Overview of salivary pH in seniors with hypertension in work area of BLUD UPTD Puskesmas Banjar 2

2025-08-23T21:36:34+07:00

Hypertension can have an impact on oral conditions, including a decrease in salivary pH and viscosity which has the potential to affect tooth structure due to enamel demineralisation. The study describes the description of hypertension conditions on salivary pH in seniors in the BLUD UPTD Puskesmas Banjar 2 work area in October 2024. Descriptive study was conducted on subjects who were willing and met the inclusion criteria; measured blood pressure and salivary pH using litmus paper on 60 respon-dents aged 54-80 years with a history of hypertension with blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg. Respondent data were 63% aged 61-70 years and 90% were female. Most respondents (90%) had mild hypertension with the highest pH of 5 and 6. Salivary acidi-ty tends to decrease as the severity of hypertension increases. It was concluded that hypertension in the elderly not only risks systemic health but also has a significant impact on oral health. The decrease in salivary pH due to hypertension needs to be a concern in the oral health care of the elderly, especially to prevent complications due to a more acidic oral environment.

Evaluation of complications of conventional frenulopasty and z-plasty technique

2025-08-23T21:36:34+07:00

Although complications of ankyloglossia management are very low, bleeding, recurrence, lip injury, Wharton's duct injury, infection, lingual dysfunction, weight loss, pain and airway compromise may occur; recurrence being the highest. This article discusses the complications of conventional frenuloplasty technique and z-plasty technique in ankyloglossia cases in Makassar from January 2019 to March 2022. A total of 21 children aged 7 months to 10 years had ankyloglossia, 17 cases were treated with z-plasty technique and 4 cases with conventional technique. Haemorrhage occurred in 1 patient of z-plasty technique and recurrence oc-curred in 2 conventional techniques. It was concluded that conventional frenuloplasty technique more often caused recurrence complications. The z-plasty technique frenuloplasty did not show recurrence but due to aggressive tissue release it may cause bleeding although the incidence rate is very low.

Dental health education for students of SDN 09 Air Pacah Kota Padang through audiovisual kinesthetic media in the form of singing and simulation of how to brush teeth

2025-08-23T21:36:34+07:00

Oral health knowledge should be given to school-age children. Elementary school is a very strategic group for oral health mana-gement. Audiovisual kinesthetic media is included in multimedia which contains three elements, namely visual elements (ima-ges), audio elements (sound) and motion elements at the same time. The purpose of this counseling is to change children's beha-viour in maintaining oral health. This activity was carried out in August 2024 with 35 students attending. This counselling activity for children at SDN 09 Air Pacah has gone well. The method of counselling by means of practice or demonstration was able to improve children's understanding, especially in practicing how to brush their teeth properly; even counselling by singing songs also had an effect on changes in knowledge, attitudes and application of toothbrushing actions in school-age children.

Effectiveness of red betel leaf extract (piper crocatum) as a disinfectant based on removable dentures of thermoplastic nylon material

2025-08-23T21:36:35+07:00

Safe and effective natural alternative materials are needed, one of which is red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum) or RBL which contains many active compounds that have antifungal effects. This study discusses the effectiveness of 10% and 20% concen-trations of RBL extract on the growth of Candida albicans colonies on thermoplastic nylon bases. A pure laboratory experimental study with a post-test only control group design was conducted using 9 samples of 1x1x0.2 cm thermoplastic nylon base soaked in C.albicans suspension for 24 hours, then grouped by extract concentration and soaked for 6 hours. Samples were grown on sa-bouraud dextrose agar media and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The number of colonies was determined with a colony coun-ter and analysed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The average number of colonies in aquadest group was 126, the 10% extract group was 28 colonies, while the 20% extract group had no colonies. It was concluded that the 20% RBL extract was most effective in killing C.albicans colonies. This effectiveness is obtained from the work of bioactive compounds in RBL that damage the walls and metabolism of fungal cells. The contact duration of 6 hours provides optimal time for penetration of active compounds to the surface of the material.

Effect of platelet rich plasma coating and Chlorella vulgaris 5% ointment on bone implant contact formation after dental implantation

2025-08-23T21:36:35+07:00

Platelet rich plasma (PRP) can facilitate implant osseointegration as it functions in the bone healing process. Chlorella vulgaris creates an intracellular bioactive substance called chlorella growth factor (CGF) that can promote bone growth. This study dis-cusses PRP coating and CV 5% ointment on the formation of bone-implant contact (BIC) after dental implant placement in a labo-ratory experiment with a quasi-experimental post-test group design. The samples were 12 implant-placed tooth sockets from 2 male Landrace pigs divided into 2 groups: 5% CV ointment and PRP coating. SEM photographs were taken on day 22 postim-plantation. The sig value of 0.018 was less than α, so there was a significant difference between the BIC of the implants coated with PRP and CV 5%. PRP as a coating on the implant surface can stimulate the bone remodeling process. CV 5% as a bioactive material injected into the socket before implant placement can stimulate the growth and development of fibroblasts and is antipro-teolytic and stimulates tissue formation. It is concluded that PRP coating and 5% CV ointment have effect on the process of BIC formation after dental implant placement.

Odontogenic keratocyst cyst

2025-08-23T21:36:35+07:00

Odontogenic keratocyst cyst (OKC) is a rare odontogenic cyst that commonly affects the mandible. Carnoy solution in OKC is expected to repair the remaining cyst cells after removal thereby reducing the recurrence rate. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) was applied to the cyst defect as it has been widely used as an autogenous graft material that can accelerate physiological wound healing and new bone formation. This case report describes the management of OKC before and after cyst enucleation in the mandible using carnoy solution and PRF. A 42-year-old male came to RSGMP Hasanuddin University with complaints of a lump on the left mandible since ±3 months ago. Intra oral examination, enlargement of the vestibulum region of teeth 33-34 measuring ±2x2x2 cm with palpation pain (-), crepitation (+). OPG x-ray and aspiration test were performed and a cloudy yellow liquid was obtained. The cyst was enucleated, applied carnoy solution and PRF, and histopathological examination was performed with OKC results. Four months postoperatively there were no complaints, good wound healing, and no enlargement. Control radiographs showed better bone formation than after surgery. It was concluded that enucleation of a cyst on the mandible to remove the cyst, prevent recurrence by applying carnoy solution and PRF to the cyst defect.

Management of palatine tori

2025-08-23T21:36:35+07:00

One of the obstacles experienced by dentists when making dentures is the protrusion on the maxillary bone known as torus pala-tinus. A 70-year-old woman came to RSGM-Yarsi accompanied by her child, complaining of a lump on the palate but not painful and the patient planned to make a denture. The general condition was good, extra oral examination was good, intra oral examina-tion showed a bone protrusion with a wide base, smooth surface and slightly convex on the palate durum size was bigger than 6 mm. This article discusses palatinus torectomy in an elderly patient prior to denture placement. It is concluded that palatine torectomy is one of the appropriate preprosthetic surgical treatments to reduce maxillary bone protrusion for denture fabrication.

Clinical findings of median rhomboid glossitis in typhoid fever patients

2025-08-23T21:36:35+07:00

Typhoid fever is an acute infection of the gastrointestinal tract caused by Salmonella typhi. Oral manifestations that can appear include median rhomboid glossitis. This article reports a case of MRG in a patient with typhoid fever. A 40-year-old man with com-plaints of fever, mouth ulcers, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and blackish faeces. The diagnosis of typhoid fever was confirmed. Oral examination revealed a reddish parallelogram-shaped depapillation lesion in the centre of the tongue, which was sore and surrounded by a white coating that could be scraped off. MRG is an inflammation of the tongue characterised by erythema lesions on the median dorsum of the tongue caused by Candida infection. The finding of MRG oral lesions in this ty-phoid fever case is thought to be influenced by the condition of lymphocytopenia which causes a decrease in patient immunity, increasing the risk of opportunistic Candida infection in the oral cavity. In addition, there are also predisposing factors such as smoking habits and poor oral hygiene conditions. It is concluded that the management of MRG lesions is to provide information and education to patients to maintain oral hygiene, avoid consumption of hot and spicy foods and drinks that aggravate com-plaints on the tongue.

Desquamative cheilitis in a patient with anemia of chronic

2025-08-23T21:36:35+07:00

Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is a normochromic normocytic anaemia that occurs in patients with chronic diseases. Desqua-mative cheilitis is a condition of persistent inflammation and sloughing of the lips. This article presents the condition of desqua-mative glossitis in a patient with ACD, along with its manifestations, pathophysiology, and management in dentistry. A 48-year-old woman came to the emergency room of Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto Hospital on 27 September 2024 with the main complaint of shortness of breath since two days ago, accompanied by cough, chest pain, fever, enlarged abdomen, full-ness, and dry lips that bleed easily. The patient had a history of uterine myoma and had been curetted. The complete blood test showed that the patient had ACD. The patient was treated with blood transfusion therapy and pharmacological medication in the form of sterile infusions, antifibrinolytic injections, antifungal, antibacterial, and mutivitamins. It was concluded that ACD is an iron deficiency condition that can cause secondary infection in the form of desquamative cheilitis, treated by increasing iron in-take and stress management.

Digital smile design and 3D digital wax-up approaches for zirconia long-span bridge

2025-08-23T21:36:35+07:00

Dental agenesis is the most common congenital abnormality that occurs in permanent teeth. Digital smile design (DSD) is a technology that digitally designs and modifies a patient's smile by creating a digital wax-up (DWU) before treatment begins. This aids visual communication and patient involvement in their own smile design process, thus ensuring predictable treatment out-comes and increasing patient acceptance. This article reports on maxillary anterior rehabilitation with zirconia long-span bridge illustrating aesthetic planning with DSD system and 3D DWU technique. A 21-year-old male came to the Department of Prostho-dontia, Hasanuddin University with complaints of a half-crown fracture of tooth 11 and missing teeth 12, 21, and 22. Radiographs of teeth 12 and 22 were agenesis because there were no seeds and had never been extracted so the smile was not aesthetic. Root canal treatment had previously been performed on teeth 11 and 13 with fibre post. It was concluded that the use of DSD and 3D DWU for the treatment of zirconia long-span bridge is a rehabilitation treatment option for upper edentulous parsialis. This prosthesis improved facial and dental aesthetics, functional occlusion, phonetics, and comfort.

Improving the nutritional quality of patients with edentulous totalis accompanied by severe lingir resorption using complete dentures

2025-08-23T21:36:36+07:00

Severe alveolar bone resorption is a challenge in the fabrication of complete dentures. Loss of all teeth often leads to impaired masticatory function, which can affect the digestive system and nutritional intake. The close mouth moulding technique is sug-gested to overcome the limitations of conventional techniques in flat ridge cases, in order to obtain a denture that is firm and comfortable to use, especially when chewing. This article describes the treatment of a flat ridge case in a patient with digestive and nutritional disorders, using the close mouth moulding technique. A 65-year-old woman came to RSGMP Unhas with com-plaints of loose dentures making it difficult to chew, and even had to undergo hospitalisation due to complaints of heartburn so that it was recommended to use a denture by an internal medicine doctor. The patient wanted to make a denture that was firm, comfortable, and improved his appearance. The patient was made an acrylic CD with a close mouth moulding technique. It was concluded that the close mouth moulding technique was effective in producing CDs that were firm, stable, and could restore masticatory function in patients with flat ridge.

Modified molding technique of the flat ridge to achieve patient comfort

2025-08-23T21:36:36+07:00

Patients with flat ridge due to alveolar bone resorption will have reduced denture retention and support. The modification moulding technique is a moulding performed on the upper and lower jaws as a solution to address loose dentures by improving retention, stability and pressure distribution. This article discusses the effectiveness of modification moulding in the treatment of flat ridge on the upper and lower jaws. A 49-year-old man came to the Prosthodontics Department of Unhas Dental Hospital to have a new denture made because the old denture was loose. Subjective and objective examinations were found to be flat on the upper and lower lingir. After being treated with modification moulding, it showed accurate occlusion, good retention and stability and even pressure distribution, thus improving the patient's masticatory function and aesthetics. It was concluded that modification moulding is effective for the treatment of upper and lower jaw flat ridge

A treatment of preventive prosthodontics telescopic overdenture

2025-08-23T21:36:36+07:00

Complete tooth loss is a very common case encountered by dentists, especially in elderly patients. Denture fabrication is the appropriate option for cases of tooth loss. In situations where some natural teeth remain, prosthodontists face a dilemma in de-termining treatment. In some cases, overdentures are a beneficial treatment option. Based on the philosophy of preventive pros-thodontics, overdentures offer long-term benefits in preserving kinesthesia and remaining alveolar bone. This article discusses rehabilitation treatment for patients with two remaining natural teeth in the lower jaw using telescopic complete dentures. It is concluded that telescopic dentures excel in terms of retention, stability, support, and psychological aspects for patients.

Treatment of severe resorption of the lower jaw using suction dentures

2025-08-23T21:36:36+07:00

Geriatric patients with compromised medical conditions require proper and adequate nutrition. However, patients with edentu-lous ridges cannot receive optimal intake due to decreased chewing and swallowing abilities. Conventional dentures have limi-tations when used by edentulous patients with severely resorbed ridges. Suction dentures for the mandible were introduced to address this issue. These dentures create negative pressure around the peripheral area, effectively generating suction, resulting in excellent clinical outcomes. It was reported that complete denture (CD) treatment was necessary to improve retention and stabi-lity. A 62-year-old man presented with complaints of complete tooth loss in the maxillary and mandibularly regions and difficulty chewing. The patient wished to improve his chewing ability by creating a CD. The treatment option in this case was a suction den-ture for the mandible, as the patient had severely resorbed mandibular ridges. It was concluded that this treatment resulted in a denture that was retentive, stable, comfortable, and satisfactory to the patient, thereby improving chewing and swallowing function.

The potential of Melaleuca cajuputi extract as an antibacterial, anti-iflammatory and osteogenic agent in oral regenerative therapy

2025-08-23T21:36:36+07:00

Oral regenerative therapy requires agents with antibacterial and osteogenic properties to address hard tissue damage caused by infection or trauma. Galam leaves (Melaleuca cajuputi), a plant native to Southeast Asia, are known to contain bioactive com-pounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, and saponins that support tissue healing. This article systematically reviews the potential of galam leaf extract as an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic agent in oral regenerative therapy, based on literature evaluating the biological activity and safety of galam leaf extract, particularly against oral pathogenic bacteria and its ability to stimulate osteogenesis. Galam leaf extract has been proven to have antibacterial activity against S.mutans, Lactobacil-lus plantarum, and P.gingivalis. Its combination with tricalcium silicate cement increases the number of odontoblast-like cells and lymphocytes. Toxicity tests indicate that the extract is safe for topical use even at high concentrations. It is concluded that galam leaf extract is a candidate for the development of biomaterials in regenerative therapy due to its multifunctional and safe properties.

The comparison of cephalometric steiner’s skeletal analysis (SNA, SNB, ANB) in different ethnicity

2025-08-23T21:36:36+07:00

Cephalometric analysis plays an important role in planning corrective treatment and assessing changes that occur during orthodontic treatment. One of the most commonly used cephalometric analyses is the Steiner analysis, which is used to determine the anteroposterior position of the maxilla and mandible, particularly the SNA, SNB, and ANB angles. Longitudinal studies conducted between 1940 and 1960 serve as the commonly used standard of normality and function as the baseline for evaluation. However, the morphological variations between different ethnic groups and populations cannot be ignored and should be considered when determining cephalometric normalcy standards for various racial and ethnic groups. To address this issue, some researchers have attempted to define cephalometric values for different ethnic groups to provide a more comprehensive approach. This study compares the standard cephalometric values of Steiner analysis (SNA, SNB, ANB) across different ethnic groups. It was concluded that there are specific standard cephalometric values for each ethnic group, making them highly useful for diagnosis and developing treatment plans.

The role of orthodontic in temporomandibular disorder treatment

2025-08-23T21:36:36+07:00

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is the main cause of non-dental pain in the orofacial area. The causes and mechanisms of TMD are not yet fully understood. Generally, there are many factors that contribute to TMD, or mechanisms that exacerbate the condition. One of the primary causes of TMD is malocclusion. This study discusses the role of orthodontic treatment in managing TMD. Orthodontics is one of the treatments used to address this condition. Orthodontic treatment is one of the definitive long-term treatments for patients with various temporomandibular joint disorders through the proper use of various orthodontic ap-pliances. Therefore, orthodontic treatment is expected to improve oral health, functionality, and aesthetic appearance. It is con-cluded that orthodontic treatment can balance the bite of the upper and lower jaws, thereby achieving a normal bite.

Root canal treatment of primary teeth using XP-endo® Shaper

2025-08-23T21:36:36+07:00

Pulpectomy is one of the pulp treatments that can be performed by removing infected tissue in teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis or necrosis. Root canal preparation in primary teeth can be performed using endodontic files, either manually rotated or using a rotary system. In modern paediatric dentistry, the XP-endo® Shaper tool has been developed as a revolutionary endo-dontic file designed to perform asymmetric rotational movements, enabling good adaptation to the root canal and featuring a more efficient reinforcing tip for cleaning and shaping the root canal. This literature review demonstrates the effectiveness of the XP-endo® Shaper in primary tooth root canal treatment. It is concluded that the use of the XP-endo® Shaper in pulpectomy treat-ment yields faster and better results.

Effect of removable partial denture on alveolar bone resorption

2025-08-23T21:36:36+07:00

The use of removable partial dentures can be an aesthetic and functional solution for edentulous teeth. However, the use of these dentures can be a risk factor contributing to alveolar ridge resorption, leading to new challenges in prosthodontic rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between removable partial dentures and alveolar ridge resorption. Based on this literature review, it was found that the use of removable partial dentures significantly increases alveolar ridge resorption. This is also associated with bone loss and a significant decrease in mucosal height.

Comparative analysis of cytokine profiles in gingival crevicular fluid of subjects with metal-ceramic and all-ceramic fixed dental prostheses

2025-08-23T21:36:37+07:00

This article analyses the comparison of inflammatory cytokine profiles in gingival crevicular fluid (GSF) in subjects using metal-ceramic and all-ceramic fixed dentures; through a literature review with data collection from various related studies. The study re-sults indicate that metal-ceramic prostheses tend to elicit higher levels of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, compared to all-ceramic prostheses. These differences are associated with the surface characteristics of the materials and the level of prosthesis margin adaptation. It was concluded that the choice of prosthesis material significantly influences the inflam-matory response of periodontal tissue, so all-ceramic materials with CAD/CAM technology are more recommended for main-taining long-term periodontal health.

Regenerative endodontic procedures

2025-08-23T21:36:37+07:00

Regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) has emerged as a transformative approach in the treatment of necrotic pulp in perma-nent teeth, aiming to regenerate the entire pulp-dentin complex to improve tooth vitality, function, and longevity. The core of re-generative endodontics lies in biologically based management strategies. Recent innovations in RET revolve around two main concepts: the implementation of tissue engineering technologies to promote pulp-dentin regeneration and revascularisation pro-cesses that induce the formation of new living tissue from existing dental tissue to continue root development. Clinical guide-lines and protocols continue to evolve, encompassing various approaches such as revascularisation, the use of autologous pla-telet-rich plasma and scaffolds to trigger host stem cell migration and tissue formation. Literature searches were conducted via Google Scholar. It is concluded that RET is one of the treatment options for teeth diagnosed with necrosis accompanied by an open apex. The success of RET depends on case selection criteria, meticulous implementation of the treatment protocol, and careful monitoring of outcomes.

The classification and management of root resorption

2025-08-27T12:39:30+07:00

Root resorption is a physiological and pathological process that leads to progressive tooth damage, particularly the loss of den-tine, root cementum, and ultimately tooth loss. Generally, the process of root resorption is classified into internal and external cate-gories, with several subclassifications. Treatment for internal and external root resorption may include preventive measures such as adequate endodontic treatment, as well as therapeutic interventions, for example, the use of intra-canal materials and antibio-tics, surgery, or extraction. This study compiles existing and up-to-date knowledge on root resorption classification to facilitate sim-ple diagnosis and explains root resorption treatment based on its subclassifications in the field of dental conservation. It is con-cluded that the accuracy and early diagnosis of root resorption classification are crucial for determining appropriate treatment.

The use of reciprocating file system in root canal curvature preparation

2025-08-27T04:29:44+07:00

One of the important steps in endodontic treatment is root canal preparation using files. Instrumentation difficulties in significantly curved root canals increase with increasing curvature angles, so adequate equipment is needed to handle them. In root canal preparation using a machine, there are two types of file movements commonly used: continuous rotation (CR) motion and reci-procating motion. The CR has several drawbacks, including the risk of file fracture due to interlocking and the need for multiple file sizes, which prolongs treatment time. The Reciprocating File System (RFS) is of interest because it can use a single file and has good resistance to torsional failure and cyclic fatigue. This study examines the effectiveness and efficiency of RFS in root canal curvature preparation. It is concluded that RFS is nearly as effective as CR but more efficient because it can use a single file and, specifically, has resistance to interlocking in the root canal as it does not easily lock.

The effect of reversed triangular flap design on complications after third molar extraction

2025-08-23T21:36:37+07:00

Odontectomy is one of the surgical procedures used to remove impacted teeth. Flap design is an important variable in oral surgery procedures, as it is useful for optimal visibility, access to the surgical area, and the healing process. Although envelope flaps and triangular flaps are the most commonly used designs, complications following odontectomy still frequently occur. This article dis-cusses the use of an alternative flap design, the reversed triangular flap, in relation to post-odontectomy complications of the third molar in the lower jaw. The selection of the reversed triangular flap showed a lower incidence of dehiscence and lower bleeding scores compared to the triangular flap. The use of the reversed triangular flap also showed a lower incidence of dehiscence com-pared to the envelope flap. It is concluded that the reversed triangular flap can be used as a safe flap design option with minimal post-odontectomy effects compared to the triangular flap and envelope flap.

Types of impression materials that are effective for use in the fabrication of dentures

2025-08-23T21:36:37+07:00

Dental impressioning aims to produce accurate moulds of teeth and oral tissues. Impression materials and moulds must meet cri-teria such as precision, non-toxicity, and adequate setting time. Selecting the appropriate impression material is crucial for pro-ducing accurate and high-quality dental prostheses. This study discusses various types of impression materials, both elastic and non-elastic, and identifies the most effective materials for making dental prostheses. Polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) is the most widely used and most accurate impression material compared to others, as PVS has high dimensional stability, superior accuracy, and good elastic recovery. It is concluded that ongoing education and training on materials and impression techniques are essential to achieve optimal results.

The effect of composite resin immersion in red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) decoction on composite resin hardness

2025-08-26T20:54:50+07:00

Composite resin is a widely used dental restoration material due to its excellent mechanical and aesthetic properties; however, va-rious external factors, including exposure to chemicals in mouthwash, can affect its hardness. Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) is known to contain phenols and have antibacterial properties, which are often used in oral health care. This article evaluates the ef-fect of immersing composite resin in DSM decoction on its hardness, analyses the impact of immersion duration, and compares its effects on various types of composite resin. This study employs a scoping review method, reviewing literature from data-bases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed from 2015 to 2025. The articles used were selected based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, screened using the PRISMA method, and data analysis was conducted by synthesi-sing the results from relevant articles. It was concluded that soaking composite resin in DSM decoction reduces the materi-al's hardness due to the chemical content in DSM and the duration of soaking. Consideration of restorative materials and their use in combination with natural materials such as red betel leaves should be taken into account in dental practice.

Author Guideline

2025-08-23T21:36:37+07:00

Author Guideline